Written on 7:24 AM by ooe
IEEE 802.1: Standards accompanying to arrangement management.
IEEE 802.2: General accepted for the abstracts articulation band in the OSI Reference Model. The IEEE divides this band into two sublayers -- the analytic articulation ascendancy (LLC) band and the media admission ascendancy (MAC) layer.
IEEE 802.3: Defines the MAC band for bus networks that use CSMA/CD. This is the base of the Ethernet standard.
IEEE 802.4: Defines the MAC band for bus networks that use a token-passing apparatus (token bus networks).
IEEE 802.5: Defines the MAC band for token-ring networks.
IEEE 802.6: Accepted for Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
IEEE is an alignment composed of engineers, scientists, and students. The IEEE is best accepted for developing standards for the computer and electronics industry
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Written on 7:21 AM by ooe
Core
Layer, Distribution Layer, Access Layer
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Written on 7:17 AM by ooe
Home Office
Branch Office Main Office Internet
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Written on 7:12 AM by ooe
Bridge
Bridge: Three collision domains One broadcast domain
Router
Hub: One collision domain One broadcast domain
When you looked at Figure 1.1, did you apprehension that the router is begin at centermost stage, and that it connects anniversary concrete arrangement together? We accept to use this blueprint because of the earlier technologies involved–—bridges and hubs. Once we accept alone switches in our network, things change a lot! The LAN switches would again be placed at the centermost of the arrangement apple and the routers would be begin abutting alone analytic networks together. If I’ve implemented this affectionate of setup, I’ve created basic LANs (VLANs).
On the top arrangement in Figure 1.1, you’ll apprehension that a arch was acclimated to affix the hubs to a router. The arch break up blow domains, but all the hosts affiliated to both hubs are still awash into the aforementioned advertisement domain. Also, the arch alone created two blow domains, so anniversary accessory affiliated to a hub is in the aforementioned blow area as every added accessory affiliated to that aforementioned hub. This is appealing lame, but it’s still bigger than accepting one blow area for all hosts.
Notice article else: the three hubs at the basal that are affiliated additionally affix to the router, creating one humongous blow area and one humongous advertisement domain. This makes the bridged arrangement attending abundant bigger indeed!
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Written on 7:05 AM by ooe
| Unit of Bandwidth | Abbreviation Equivalence |
|
| Bits per second | bps | 1 bps= fundamental unit of bandwidth |
| Kilobits per second | kbps | 1 kbps=-1,000 bps=103 bps |
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| Megabits per second | Mbps | 1 Mbps=-1,000,000 bps= 106 bps |
| Gigabits per second | Gbps | 1 Gbps=-1,000,000,000 bps=109 bps |
| Terabits per second | Tbps | 1 Tbps=-1.000.000.000.000 bps=1012 bps |
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Written on 7:44 AM by ooe
Why bandwidh is important:
- Bandwidth is bound by physics and technology
- Bandwidth requirements are growing at a accelerated rate
- Bandwidh is analytical to arrangement performance
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Written on 7:42 AM by ooe
A VPN is a clandestine arrangement that is complete aural a accessible arrangement basement such as the all-around Internet. Using VPN, a telecommuter can admission the arrangement of the aggregation address through the Internet by architecture a defended adit amid the telecommuter’s PC and a VPN router in the headquarters.
A VPN about provides authentication, confidentiality, and candor to actualize a defended affiliation amid two sites or devices. Affidavit is provided to validate the identities of the two peers. Acquaintance provides encryption of the abstracts to accumulate it clandestine from prying eyes. And candor is acclimated to ensure that the abstracts beatific amid the two accessories or sites has not been tampered with.
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Written on 7:35 AM by ooe
WANs are designed to:
- Operate over a large geographical area
- Allow access over serial interfaces operating at lower speeds
- Connect devices seperated over wide, even global areas
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Written on 8:45 AM by ooe
LANs are designed to:
* Operate within a limited geographic area
* Allow multi-access to high-bandwidth media
* Control the network privately under local administration
* Provide full-time connectivity to local services
* Connect physically adjacent devices
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Written on 8:40 AM by ooe
A burghal breadth arrangement (MAN) is a amalgam amid a LAN and a WAN. Like a WAN, it connects two or added LANs in the aforementioned geographic area. A MAN, for example, ability affix two altered barrio or offices in the aforementioned city. However, admitting WANs about accommodate low- to medium-speed access, MANs accommodate accelerated connections, such as T1 (1.544Mbps) and optical services.
The optical casework provided accommodate SONET (the Synchronous Optical Arrangement standard) and SDH (the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy standard). With these optical services, carriers can accommodate accelerated services, including ATM and Gigabit Ethernet. These two optical casework (covered in Chapter 2) accommodate speeds alignment into the hundreds or bags of megabits per additional (Mbps). Devices acclimated to accommodate access for MANs accommodate high-end routers, ATM switches, and optical switches.
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Written on 8:38 AM by ooe
- One aboriginal band-aid was the conception of local-area arrangement (LAN) standards which provided an accessible set of guidelines for creating arrangement accouterments and software, authoritative accessories from altered companies compatible.
- What was bare was a way for advice to move calmly and quickly, not alone aural a company, but additionally from one business to another.
- The band-aid was the conception of metropolitan-area networks (MANs) and wide-area networks (WANs).
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Written on 8:32 AM by ooe
| Media Type | Physical Topology | Logical Topology |
| Ethernet | Bus, Star, or Point-to-Point | Bus |
| FDDI | Ring | Ring |
| Token ring | Star | Ring |
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Written on 8:29 AM by ooe
A cobweb cartography is implemented to accommodate as abundant aegis as accessible from abeyance of service.
Each host has its own access to all added hosts.
Although the Internet has assorted paths to any one location, it does not accept the abounding cobweb topology.
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Written on 8:28 AM by ooe
An continued brilliant cartography links alone stars calm by abutting the hubs and/or switches.This cartography can extend the ambit and advantage of the network.
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Written on 8:26 AM by ooe
A brilliant cartography connects all cables to a axial point of concentration.
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Written on 12:26 PM by ooe
A arena cartography connects one host to the abutting and the aftermost host to the first.
This creates a concrete arena of cable.
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Written on 12:25 PM by ooe
Network cartography defines the anatomy of the network.
One allotment of the cartography analogue is the concrete topology, which is the absolute blueprint of the wire or media.
The added allotment is the analytic topology,which defines how the media is accessed by the hosts for sending data.
When you are cabling up your computers and networking devices, assorted types of topologies can be used. A cartography defines how the accessories are connected.
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Written on 12:23 PM by ooe
Routers are acclimated to affix networks together
Route packets of abstracts from one arrangement to another
Cisco became the de facto accepted of routers because of their high-quality router products
Routers, by default, breach up a advertisement area
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Written on 12:22 PM by ooe
Switches add more intelligence to data transfer management.
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Written on 12:22 PM by ooe
Switches add more intelligence to data transfer management.
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